建(jian)設工程項目(mu)是(shi)一種特殊產品，不管(guan)它(ta)是(shi)由誰來投資，它(ta)的擁(yong)有者、使用者是(shi)誰，它(ta)的質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)水平高低、好壞都事(shi)關(guan)社會(hui)的公眾利益和(he)(he)公共安(an)全(quan)。因(yin)此，無(wu)論是(shi)在發(fa)(fa)達(da)國家(jia)，還是(shi)在發(fa)(fa)展中(zhong)國家(jia)，強調政府、社會(hui)、業主及其(qi)相(xiang)關(guan)的企(qi)、事(shi)業單位對建(jian)設工程質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)的管(guan)理(li)和(he)(he)監(jian)督(du)都是(shi)一樣的。

　　綜(zong)觀(guan)目前世界(jie)發(fa)達國家和(he)地(di)區(qu)的(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)工(gong)程質(zhi)量管(guan)(guan)理(li)，與其建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)體(ti)制相適應，大(da)多數(shu)政(zheng)府的(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)主管(guan)(guan)部(bu)門都(dou)(dou)把制定(ding)住(zhu)宅(zhai)、城市、交(jiao)通、環境(jing)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)和(he)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑業(ye)質(zhi)量管(guan)(guan)理(li)的(de)(de)法(fa)規和(he)監督(du)(du)執行(xing)作(zuo)為主要任(ren)務，并(bing)把大(da)型(xing)項(xiang)目和(he)政(zheng)府投資項(xiang)目作(zuo)為質(zhi)量管(guan)(guan)理(li)監督(du)(du)的(de)(de)重點(dian)對象(xiang)。他們都(dou)(dou)非常重視發(fa)揮(hui)社會上各種專業(ye)人士、組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)(學(xue)會)和(he)行(xing)業(ye)協會在建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)市場中的(de)(de)專業(ye)管(guan)(guan)理(li)作(zuo)用(yong)。政(zheng)府主管(guan)(guan)部(bu)門通過審核和(he)認可，授(shou)權或委托這(zhe)些組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)和(he)機(ji)構(gou)(gou)，將相應的(de)(de)政(zheng)府職能向(xiang)民(min)間和(he)半官(guan)方機(ji)構(gou)(gou)轉(zhuan)移，實行(xing)對專業(ye)人士教育培訓，考核注(zhu)冊制度(du)，充分(fen)發(fa)揮(hui)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑師(shi)、結構(gou)(gou)工(gong)程師(shi)、建(jian)(jian)(jian)造(zao)師(shi)等(deng)各類專業(ye)人士的(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)，對建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)工(gong)程項(xiang)目的(de)(de)組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)實施(shi)階段的(de)(de)質(zhi)量進行(xing)直接的(de)(de)監督(du)(du)管(guan)(guan)理(li)。
 

　　他們的(de)(de)普遍做法是(shi)依據法規，建(jian)立項目(mu)許可(ke)制(zhi)度，承包商(shang)、供應(ying)商(shang)的(de)(de)市場準入制(zhi)度，生產過程檢(jian)測、認證制(zhi)度、竣工(gong)后經審核頒發使(shi)用許可(ke)證制(zhi)度等，對 建(jian)設工(gong)程項目(mu)的(de)(de)質量形(xing)成全過程進(jin)行管理。

　　在對具體建設(she)工(gong)程(cheng)項(xiang)目質(zhi)量監(jian)(jian)督的模式上，這些(xie)國(guo)(guo)家和(he)地區(qu)的承包商(shang)都按照誰設(she)計誰負責(ze)，誰施工(gong)誰負責(ze)的原則實行質(zhi)量自(zi)控，業主(zhu)普遍采用委(wei)托工(gong)程(cheng)咨詢(監(jian)(jian)理)公(gong)司對工(gong)程(cheng)質(zhi)量進行監(jian)(jian)督控制的做法。為了提高監(jian)(jian)理工(gong)作的有效性，不少國(guo)(guo)家的業主(zhu)往往委(wei)托在工(gong)程(cheng)競標中的失(shi)敗方作為該工(gong)程(cheng)的監(jian)(jian)理單位。而政府(fu)是(shi)否介(jie)入其(qi)投資(zi)的公(gong)共工(gong)程(cheng)以及(ji)民(min)間投資(zi)的工(gong)程(cheng)質(zhi)量的具體監(jian)(jian)督檢查(cha)，即政府(fu)主(zhu)管部門是(shi)否直接參與微觀層次的工(gong)程(cheng)質(zhi)量監(jian)(jian)督檢查(cha)控制，各個國(guo)(guo)家和(he)地區(qu)的情況(kuang)不盡(jin)相同，歸(gui)納(na)來講，大致有三種(zhong)模式：

　　第(di)一種是法(fa)(fa)國(guo)模式。主(zhu)要表(biao)現(xian)在政府主(zhu)管部門(men)不直(zhi)(zhi)接(jie)參與(yu)(yu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)監(jian)督檢(jian)(jian)(jian)查(cha)(cha)，而(er)是主(zhu)要運用法(fa)(fa)律和(he)經濟手段，促使建(jian)筑企業(ye)提高(gao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)。例如(ru)法(fa)(fa)國(guo)實(shi)行強制性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)保險(xian)(xian)制度。法(fa)(fa)國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)筑法(fa)(fa)規《建(jian)筑職責與(yu)(yu)保險(xian)(xian)》規定：凡涉(she)及工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)設活動的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)所有(you)單位(wei)，包括業(ye)主(zhu)、總承包商、設計(ji)、施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)等單位(wei)，均(jun)必須(xu)(xu)向保險(xian)(xian)公(gong)司(si)(si)(si)投(tou)保，而(er)保險(xian)(xian)公(gong)司(si)(si)(si)則要求該項(xiang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)在建(jian)設過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中，必須(xu)(xu)委托一個質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)查(cha)(cha)公(gong)司(si)(si)(si)進行質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)查(cha)(cha)，并給予(yu)投(tou)保單位(wei)可少付保險(xian)(xian)費的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)優惠。法(fa)(fa)國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)查(cha)(cha)公(gong)司(si)(si)(si)在營業(ye)前(qian)必須(xu)(xu)取得(de)由政府有(you)關部門(men)組成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)委員(yuan)會審批(pi)頒發的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)證書，并每2～3年須(xu)(xu)經發證機構復審一次。為了保證質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)，檢(jian)(jian)(jian)查(cha)(cha)公(gong)司(si)(si)(si)能(neng)保持其第(di)三方(fang)客觀公(gong)正地位(wei)，質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)查(cha)(cha)公(gong)司(si)(si)(si)不得(de)在國(guo)內參與(yu)(yu)與(yu)(yu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)以外(wai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)任何商業(ye)活動。質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)查(cha)(cha)公(gong)司(si)(si)(si)在接(jie)受工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)查(cha)(cha)任務后(hou)，從工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設計(ji)、施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)招(zhao)標階段開(kai)始，直(zhi)(zhi)到工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)竣(jun)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，最后(hou)提交工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)評價報告送與(yu)(yu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)設的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)關各方(fang)。法(fa)(fa)國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)公(gong)司(si)(si)(si)均(jun)配備完善的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)測設備，以保證質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)準確性和(he)及時性。

　　第(di)二種是美國模式。主要(yao)表現在政府(fu)主管部門直接參與(yu)工(gong)程(cheng)項目質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)監(jian)(jian)督(du)和(he)檢(jian)查(cha)。在美國，政府(fu)參加工(gong)程(cheng)項目質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)監(jian)(jian)督(du)檢(jian)查(cha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)人員分為兩類(lei)：一類(lei)是政府(fu)自己的(de)(de)(de)(de)檢(jian)查(cha)人員，另一類(lei)是政府(fu)臨時聘請(qing)(qing)或要(yao)求(qiu)業主聘請(qing)(qing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，屬于政府(fu)認可的(de)(de)(de)(de)外部的(de)(de)(de)(de)專業人員。這類(lei)監(jian)(jian)督(du)檢(jian)查(cha)人員都直接參與(yu)每道重要(yao)工(gong)序和(he)每個分部分項工(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)檢(jian)查(cha)驗收，由他們認定(ding)合格(ge)后，方可進行(xing)下一道工(gong)序。對工(gong)程(cheng)材料、制品質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)檢(jian)驗由相對獨立的(de)(de)(de)(de)法定(ding)檢(jian)測(ce)機構檢(jian)測(ce)，在所有監(jian)(jian)督(du)檢(jian)查(cha)中，又以地基(ji)基(ji)礎和(he)主體(ti)結構的(de)(de)(de)(de)隱蔽工(gong)程(cheng)作為重點。

　　第(di)三種(zhong)是德(de)國(guo)模式。主要表現在政府部門對(dui)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)項目的(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)監督實(shi)(shi)行(xing)間(jian)接管(guan)理。德(de)國(guo)政府對(dui)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)監督管(guan)理，主要采取由(you)(you)州政府建(jian)(jian)設主管(guan)部門委托(tuo)或(huo)(huo)授權，由(you)(you)國(guo)家認(ren)可(ke)的(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)監工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)師組建(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)監督審查公司，代表政府對(dui)所有新(xin)建(jian)(jian)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)和(he)涉及結構安全的(de)(de)(de)改建(jian)(jian)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)實(shi)(shi)行(xing)強制性(xing)監督審查。在工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)檢查中(zhong)，對(dui)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)材料的(de)(de)(de)檢測，一般由(you)(you)承(cheng)包(bao)商負責(ze)送到國(guo)家認(ren)可(ke)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)檢測機構檢測。當發生(sheng)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)或(huo)(huo)業(ye)(ye)主與承(cheng)包(bao)商對(dui)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)材料、施工(gong)(gong)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)發生(sheng)爭議時，由(you)(you)質(zhi)(zhi)監工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)師委托(tuo)國(guo)家認(ren)可(ke)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)檢測機構進行(xing)檢測，檢測費用由(you)(you)承(cheng)包(bao)商、業(ye)(ye)主或(huo)(huo)質(zhi)(zhi)監公司中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)責(ze)任方負擔(dan)。

　　上述國家和(he)地區政(zheng)府(fu)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)管(guan)部(bu)門(men)在參與工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)質量監(jian)(jian)督檢(jian)查(cha)的(de)環節中，美(mei)、德等(deng)國都(dou)通過(guo)法律的(de)形式明確(que)了工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)設計(ji)審(shen)核(he)制度。工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)設計(ji)審(shen)核(he)由(you)政(zheng)府(fu)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)管(guan)部(bu)門(men)負責(ze)，作為核(he)發施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)許可(ke)的(de)重要(yao)內容之一(yi)，政(zheng)府(fu)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)管(guan)部(bu)門(men)通常(chang)都(dou)委托國家認可(ke)的(de)專業(ye)(ye)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)師(shi)或技術審(shen)核(he)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)師(shi)，對由(you)業(ye)(ye)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)負責(ze)提交(jiao)的(de)設計(ji)圖(tu)紙和(he)設計(ji)計(ji)算(suan)書等(deng)設計(ji)文件及資料進行審(shen)核(he)。另(ling)外，政(zheng)府(fu)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)管(guan)部(bu)門(men)在對工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)質量實(shi)施(shi)的(de)具體監(jian)(jian)督檢(jian)查(cha)中，主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)依靠的(de)是(shi)政(zheng)府(fu)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)管(guan)機構(gou)組織以外的(de)各(ge)種專業(ye)(ye)人(ren)士(shi)，這樣一(yi)方面可(ke)使政(zheng)府(fu)機構(gou)比較精簡，另(ling)一(yi)方面，由(you)專業(ye)(ye)人(ren)員參與監(jian)(jian)督檢(jian)查(cha)可(ke)以保證監(jian)(jian)督檢(jian)查(cha)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作的(de)高效和(he)準(zhun)確(que)，同時(shi)，為了確(que)保被授權或委托的(de)專業(ye)(ye)人(ren)士(shi)能(neng)真(zhen)正代表政(zheng)府(fu)實(shi)施(shi)對工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)監(jian)(jian)督檢(jian)查(cha)的(de)公(gong)正性和(he)權威性，政(zheng)府(fu)有關(guan)部(bu)門(men)對這些人(ren)士(shi)資質的(de)認可(ke)和(he)管(guan)理都(dou)有十分嚴(yan)格(ge)的(de)要(yao)求。一(yi)旦這些專業(ye)(ye)人(ren)士(shi)在工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作中發生(sheng)徇私舞弊、濫用職權、收(shou)受賄賂或嚴(yan)重失誤，都(dou)將終身(shen)取消執(zhi)業(ye)(ye)資格(ge)。因此(ci)，這些專業(ye)(ye)人(ren)士(shi)亦十分珍惜自己(ji)的(de)執(zhi)業(ye)(ye)崗位(wei)，在工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作中能(neng)盡職盡責(ze)、忠于(yu)職守。